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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 1 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Ethics Committee of Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (IRB Min. No. EC – ER – 1–13 – 07–2011). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki, 1964. A retrospective review of hospital and laboratory records from the historical cohort was conducted with IRB approval. For the follow-up component, written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children prior to the structured screening questionnaire and the in-person neurodevelopmental evaluation; assent was obtained from older children where appropriate.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifying data, images, or videos. The illustrative case descriptions presented are de-identified and cannot be traced to individual participants.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.