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Article History

Received: 25 June 2026

Accepted: 24 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was performed in strict accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine (Ethics Approval No. TJBB08224101). No clinical trial registration was required for this cross-sectional questionnaire survey. All eligible caregivers received complete written and verbal explanations of the research purpose, procedures, data confidentiality, and voluntary participation rights prior to data collection. Every participant provided signed written informed consent before filling out the questionnaire. Participants were clearly informed that they could withdraw from the survey at any time without any negative impact on their routine medical care for their children. All raw questionnaire data were anonymized by removing all identifiable personal information to protect participant privacy throughout data storage, analysis and manuscript writing.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. No individual participant data, images, videos or case reports are presented in this manuscript, so consent for publication from participants is not required.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.