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Article History

Received: 5 November 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 3 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan (CRREC-110–034; CMUH110-REC3-152). Participant rights were rigorously safeguarded, and research findings were used solely for academic purposes. The study protocol included comprehensive explanations of the research objectives, and informed consent was obtained from all eligible participants prior to their involvement to protect confidentiality and autonomy. Participants were informed that their interviews would be transcribed verbatim and that their identities would be anonymized using digital code names. All participants provided their informed consent before they participated in the study. Any personally identifiable information, such as names, was replaced with coded identifiers to ensure anonymity. Throughout the data analysis process, all data were securely stored in encrypted files, ensuring the confidentiality of participants and the integrity of the research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.