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Authors
Zhou, Yanyu
Zhuang, Jinbiao
Bian, Qitao
Xu, Zhiqi
Chen, Yujun
Yang, Heng
Wang, Gongxian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060467)
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2025
Accepted: 13 June 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study is based on publicly available data from the NHANES, which was conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocols of NHANES were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. All personal identifiers in the NHANES dataset were removed, and the data were anonymized before being made publicly available. As this study involved secondary analysis of anonymized data, no additional ethical approval was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
