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Authors
Fang, Jia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-3445
Wu, Wenwen
Yang, Chen
Li, Huiyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-691X
Cheng, Wencan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1940-2356
Zhang, Ni
Zhang, Baoyi
Zhang, Ye
Zhang, Meifen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7931-3285
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374232)
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Accepted: 23 June 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Declarations
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: All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment in the CHARLS study. The CHARLS project was approved by Peking University. For detailed information regarding the consent for participation and publication, please visit the official CHARLS website (). Our research was conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
