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Article History

Received: 4 February 2025

Accepted: 12 August 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Virginia Commonwealth University (IRB Protocol #: HM20000420; clinical trial #: not applicable) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Additional ethical guidance was obtained through consultations with key stakeholders, including medical professionals and religious leaders in the Eastleigh community, as well as representatives from USAID. A locally formed community advisory board in Eastleigh, consisting of clan leaders, local service providers, and community representatives, reviewed and approved all research materials, including study protocols and consent procedures, to ensure ethical compliance and cultural appropriateness. All participants provided written informed consent before completing the survey. For minors under 18, both parental or guardian consent and minor assent were obtained.

: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data (e.g., images, videos, or identifiable details) that require separate consent for publication. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.