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Authors
Li, Chenyu
Wu, Xiaomin
Li, Yu
Zhang, Meilin
Zhang, Luhan
Zhou, Chaohui
Ma, Fei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373573)
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database. . All survey waves received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University. The IRB approval number for primary household surveys (including anthropometry)) was IRB00001052-11015.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
