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Authors
Wang, Qiaohe
Luo, Qiulin
Tian, Zhuo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
General project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1657)
General project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1657)
General project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1657)
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the National Center for Health Statistics. The NHANES was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the NCHS Board (Protocol No. 98 − 12, Protocol No. 2011-17, Continuation of Protocol No. 2011-17, Protocol No. 2018-01) (available at: ). The analysis in this study is a secondary analysis of NHANES data, thus, ethical approval is exempted under the US Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations at 45 CFR 46.104 (available at: ). Written informed consent was acquired before household interview and health examinations; the participants were assured that the data collected will be used only for stated purposes and will not be disclosed or released to others without the consent (available at: ).
: All authors declare we have seen and approved the final version of the manuscript being submitted.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: not applicable.
