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Authors
Rek, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-9489
Reinhard, Matthias A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8374-5467
Freeman, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2541-2197
Falkai, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2873-8667
Padberg, Frank
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Klinikum der Universität München
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: Both the online survey and the psychiatric inpatient study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Medical Sciences Research Ethics Committee under project number 20–118 and 18–716 for the non-clinical and clinical samples, respectively. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation.
: Not applicable.
: FP is a member of the European Scientific Advisory Board of Brainsway Inc., Jerusalem, Israel, and the International Scientific Advisory Board of Sooma, Helsinki, Finland. He has received speakers’ honoraria from Mag&More GmbH and the neuroCare Group. His lab has received support with equipment from neuroConn GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany, andMag&More GmbH and Brainsway Inc., Jerusalem, Israel. The remaining authors declare that they do not have any competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.
