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Authors
Arai, Takahiro
Shinkai, Hiroyuki
Yamauchi, Keita
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Education Research Promotion Committee, Faculty of Management and Information, Tama University (Approval No. ERPC_R7_001). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study analyzed de-identified, publicly available data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the committee.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain individual person’s data (including images, videos, or other identifying information).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
