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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 17 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The research procedure of CHARLS strictly followed the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). All respondents signed written informed consent before entering the group.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.