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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The parent cohort study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study’s ethical approval was granted by the icddr, b (protocol # PR-22064) and the New York University IRBs (protocol # FY2021-4875). We took written informed consent from all pregnant women before enrollment. The consent was written in English, but our enumerator translated it into their own Rohingya language to obtain permission from the participants. The purpose of the study, data collection procedure, risks, and benefits from participating in this study were properly described in the consent form. They were also informed that they may withdraw from the study at any time after initial participation without any penalty. Contact details of the research team were provided for possible communication. When a participant verbally agreed to participate in the survey, the research assistant provided them with the consent form and gave them adequate time to read and then sign it off carefully. For those who were unable to read or write, our enumerator read out the consent form. After she had a complete understanding, the enumerator requested them to sign off (or a thumb impression for those unable to sign) the consent form. A final signed copy of the consent form was provided to the participants for their records. All the procedures of taking informed consent were approved by the Ethical Committee of the icddr, b and New York University.

: A written consent was taken from the respondents to publish their information. We ensure them that their identification will be kept confidential and not published or shared in any research information. When a participant verbally agreed to participate in the survey, the research assistant provided them with the consent form and gave them adequate time to read and then sign it off carefully. For those who were unable to read or write, our enumerator read out the consent form. After she had a complete understanding, the enumerator requested them to sign off (or a thumb impression for those unable to sign) the consent form. A final signed copy of the consent form was provided to the participants for their records. All the procedures of taking informed consent were approved by the Ethical Committee of the icddr, b and New York University.

: The authors declare no competing interests.