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Authors
Tong, Yuanhao
Li, Huayu
Duan, Mingrui
He, Qinyuan
Gao, Ziang
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Ethics approval for CHARLS was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The Ethics approval for NHANES was granted by the NCHS Research Ethics Committee. The Ethics approval for KNHANES was granted by Seoul National University’s IRB (E2211/004–003). All participants in the CHARLS, NHANES, and KNHANES have provided written informed consent before participating.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
