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Authors
Lange, Maximin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-8741
Mehta, Urvik https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1126-8205
Koutsouleris, Nikolaos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-6262
Fayez, Feras https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0103-9500
Twumasi, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0194-7250
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
LISS DTP
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and followed international ethical standards for medical research involving human data. MIMIC-IV and III data were collected as part of routine clinical care. It has been deidentified and transformed. MIMIC data is approved for research by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and BIDMC, who granted a waiver of informed consent and approved the sharing of the research resource. It is available to researchers who have completed training in human research and signed a data use agreement. One author (ML) signed the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement 1.5.0 on May 8 2024, and extracted the data on 01 Feb 2025. Patient data SQL extraction code can be found at [ ]. NWICU data was collected as part of routine clinical care and harmonised with MIMIC data structures to facilitate interoperability. Data were extracted from the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse. NWICU is approved for research by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board, which granted a waiver of informed consent due to minimal risk and impracticality of obtaining consent from the large patient population. It is available to researchers who have completed training in human research and signed a data use agreement. One author (ML) signed the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement 1.5.0 for NWICU on June 9, 2025, and extracted the data on June 10 2025. Patient data python extraction code can be found at . No protocol was prepared for this study nor was it registered anywhere. There was no involvement by the public or any patient.
: Individual patient consent was not required for publication as this was addressed in the original approval for the MIMIC and NWICU databases, which permits research use and publication with proper de-identification maintained.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
