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Article History

Received: 5 October 2024

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qingdao Binhai University (approval number: No.27,2024) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to the pre-survey and formal study, all participants were fully informed of the study purpose, investigation procedures, potential risks, benefits, and data confidentiality, and provided voluntary written informed consent. For participants unable to consent independently, additional written consent was obtained from their legal guardians. Data collection, storage, and analysis were performed in full compliance with privacy protection regulations. The Medical Ethics Committee of Qingdao Binhai University conducted an initial review of the project-submitted documents in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki; the review confirmed compliance with ethical principles, and the committee approved the study’s scientific research design and manuscript writing.

: Our manuscript contains personal details and we have obtained the consent of all authors and subjects to publish the contents of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.