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Authors
Li, Chunjing
Wang, Ye
Chen, Jiarui
Xiao, Sa
Lou, Mingli
Ding, Mubing
Xing, Yurong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key projects jointly built by provinces and ministries (SBGJ202302071)
Research Projects of Medical Education in Henan Province (WJLX2023049)
Special Project for Nursing Scientific Research (Nursing Team) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (HLKY2023006)
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: Informed consent was obtained from all the participants and their legal guardians. This study was conducted at two clinical sites. The case-control component at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University was approved by its Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2020-KY-211, approved December 2020). The component conducted at the Fourth People’s Hospital of Wuhu was approved by its institutional review board (Approval No. 2024-KY-2072-002, approved January 2024). All data collection for both sites (January 2021–December 2024) occurred entirely within the period covered by valid ethical approval. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
