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Authors
Moyo, Lihlizulu Thabo
Tembo, Thandiwe Martha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6477-0261
Maila, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-815X
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used de-identified electronic health record data and involved no direct contact or interaction with patients. As such, informed consent for participation was waived. The research protocol, including the waiver of informed consent, was reviewed and approved by the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (UNZABREC Approval Number: REF. No. 5903 − 2024), with additional authorization from the National Health Research Authority (NHRA) and institutional consent from the management of Chainama Hills College Hospital. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable; the study involved no collection or use of personal health identifiers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
