Attah, Dzifa Abra
Bere, Concilia Tarisai
Smith, Patrick
Adde, Kenneth Setorwu
Bawa, Simon
Achana, Fabian
Owusu, Lucy
Dambayi, Edith
Ayuure, Christopher
Jopling, Rebecca
Glozah, Franklin
Aborigo, Raymond
Chibanda, Dixon
Abas, Melanie
Weobong, Benedict
Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The study implemented in compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the ethical guidelines of the following ethics review boards: The Navrongo Health Research Centre Institutional Review Board (Ref.App/Youth-in-Mind/09/2022/Approval #: NHRCIRB480); Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 027/10/23); and the Kings College London, Health Faculties (Purple) Research Ethics Subcommittee (RESM-23/24– 40,071). Participants provided written consent/thumb printed as proof of consent. For students under 18 years, a parent/a legal guardian provided informed consent while the student provided assent by signing/thumb printing an informed consent form if they agreed to participate in the study.
: Participants provided written consent for publication, as part of the informed consent process.
: The authors declare no competing interests.