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Article History

Received: 31 December 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in strict compliance with the standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. As the research involved human participants, it was reviewed and approved by the Academic Ethics and Morality Committee of Guangdong University of Science and Technology (Approval number: 2025020756). Before distributing the questionnaires, researchers informed participants about the survey’s purpose, background, duration, and intended use of the questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed only after obtaining participants’ consent. The first page of the questionnaire included an informed consent form. Participants who objected to any part of the consent form could select the “Disagree” option to terminate their participation in the survey.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. In line with national regulations and institutional policies, written (signed) consent was not required. Instead, an online consent process was embedded at the beginning of the questionnaire. Participants were presented with a detailed instruction page outlining: (i) voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time without consequence; (ii) confidentiality and anonymity, with no identifiable information collected; (iii) the academic-only purpose of data use; (iv) data protection measures, including passwordsecured local storage accessible only to the research team; and (v) that the consent interface had been pilot-tested for clarity and accessibility. Only those who clicked “Agree and Continue” were able to proceed.

: The authors declare no competing interests.