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Authors
Liu, Ziming
Zhang, Yiran
Li, Qingwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Key Support Discipline (2023ZDFC0502)
Psychosomatic Medicine Project of Key Developing Disciplines of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2019ZB0202)
Three-Year Initiative Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai (GWV-10.2-XD29)
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Article History
Received: 29 December 2025
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was a secondary analysis of anonymized, non-identifiable clinical assessment records collected as part of routine care and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical trial number: not applicable. In accordance with Article 32 of the Administrative Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2023), research using anonymized information data that does not involve identifiable personal information, sensitive personal information, or commercial interests may be exempt from ethics review. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and assured of anonymity and confidentiality. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to completing the intake assessment. Participation was voluntary and could be discontinued at any time without consequence. No additional contact with patients occurred and no intervention was implemented.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
