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Authors
Huang, Yiqing
Wei, Changning
Sun, Liyuan
li, Caixia
Chen, Lu
Xu, Ting
Ma, Yue
Qiu, Xichenhui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (2023-JC-QN-0792)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Youth Fund (72404193)
Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation–General Program for Basic Research (2026A1515011871)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Bureau Project - Basic Research (202408133003346)
Guangdong Science and Technology Programs Youth Fund (2022A1515110777)
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2026
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study complies with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It is based on publicly available, de-identified data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The NHANES protocols were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. As this study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data, additional ethical approval and informed consent were not required.
: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve the readability and language of the manuscript. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
