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Article History

Received: 13 November 2024

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study obtained ethical approvals from the Uganda Virus Research Institute’s Research and Ethics Committee (GC/127/953) and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (SS1721ES). Participants were given information about the study by trained study Psychiatric Nurses / Psychiatric Clinical Officers, and informed consent and assent were sought before enrolment into the study. Participants found to have ADHD and other disorders were provided healthcare and support at the two specialised health facilities [Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC) Lubowa, Central Uganda (Kampala), and Uganda Cares, Southwestern Uganda, Masaka].

Consent to participate: Informed consent and assent were obtained from all individual participants included in the.

Consent to publish: Consent for publication was not applicable.

Author’s information: Dr. Richard Stephen Mpango is a Psychiatric Epidemiologist and Clinical Psychologist currently working as a Senior Lecturer at Soroti University-Uganda, a CHILD Global Research Fellow (CHILD GRF) at the Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, USA and previously worked a ‘Scientist A’ at MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit (2014-2025). Institutional affiliations are below: 1 Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, P. O. Box, 49, Entebbe, Uganda. 2 Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. 5 Department of Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda. Tel: +256 772 592504, +256 446556 & +256 702 592504. E mail: rmpango@sun.ac.ug & richmpan@live.com.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.