Dinh, Ha Thu
Kelly, Adrian B.
Nguyen, Huong Thanh
Le, Thi Minh
Baker, Philip R. A.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Queensland University of Technology
National Foundation for Science and Technology Development
Swiss National Science Foundation
Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hanoi University of Public Health, Vietnam. All procedures involving human participants and human data were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Only adolescents who gave active assent and whose parents provided written informed consent were eligible to participate in the survey. This study forms part of a doctoral thesis conducted in Australia and was approved by the University Human Research Ethics Committee (UHREC) of Queensland University of Technology, Australia as a waiver of consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.