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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 10 June 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (approval numbers 2020-03993 and 2022-0040). Informed consent procedures were adapted according to the age of the child. For participants under the age of 15, written consent was required from both legal guardians. For participants aged 15 years or older, written consent was required from both the adolescent and at least one legal guardian. While data from the clinical group were pseudonymized, allowing linkage to diagnostic and demographic information while maintaining confidentiality, data from the comparison group were collected anonymously.

: All participants and/or their legal guardians provided written informed consent that included permission for anonymized data to be used in scientific publications.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the protocol published in Kerekes N, Lundqvist S, Schubert Hjalmarsson E, Torinsson Naluai Å, Kantzer AK, Knez R. The associations between ADHD, pain, inflammation, and quality of life in children and adolescents—a clinical study protocol. PLOS One . 2022;17(9):e027365 [ ]. The analyses presented here represent a planned part of the broader study design.

: The authors declare no competing interests.