Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Cahill, Liam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-0862
Stander, Willem J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3664-4647
Schaub, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6878-2366
Taylor, Ashley B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4609-9360
Nath, Ronita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3630-7915
McDermott, Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1960-9639
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Trevor Project
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 16 April 2026
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 9 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study complied with the British Psychological Society’s Code of Human Ethics (2021). Ethical approval was obtained from Solutions IRB (Protocol #2022/04/24; IRB Registration #IORG0007116) and the University of Birmingham’s Humanities and Social Sciences Ethics Committee (ERN_0799-2). Given the sensitivity of the research topic and the risk that requiring parental consent could exclude the most vulnerable participants or inadvertently disclose participants’ gender identity to parents, a waiver of parental consent was approved by the ethics committee, with informed assent obtained directly from all participants aged under 18.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
