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Article History

Received: 11 April 2017

Accepted: 10 January 2018

First Online: 17 January 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Ethics approval for this research was granted by the University of Toronto Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 27,893) and approval from the governments of Guinea, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Togo. All participants in this research gave written informed consent. For child participants, parents or guardians were asked to provide consent for their child’s participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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