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Article History

Received: 14 January 2019

Accepted: 24 April 2019

First Online: 14 May 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Ethical approval was granted by Edinburgh Napier University’s Ethics Committee and permission to access eligible pupils was sought from local directors of education and senior management in each educational setting. In each educational settings staff had the opportunity to withdraw eligible pupils if they though the survey was inappropriate for them. In addition, parents were informed about the study by letter and given the opportunity to opt their child out of the study. Per ethical approval, neither verbal nor written consent was sought from parents for the participation of pupils in the study, this made the consent compatible across MES and AES (although AES had a larger proportion of withdrawals by AES staff). In addition, pupils were given both written and verbal information about the study and given the opportunity to opt out altogether or on a question by question basis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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