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Article History

Received: 29 September 2018

Accepted: 29 May 2019

First Online: 13 June 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The ethical committee at each participating site had previously approved the data collection. Because the data were retrospectively collected and fully anonymized, no informed consent was required, according to the Institutional Review Board Committees (IRBs) of all US centers, Swissethics regulations (), and the Sheba Medical Center Helsinki Committee. Because this study falls under a further use of existing fully anonymized data, no further ethical approval was required.The ethical committees were: 1) Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Partners Healthcare IRB, Boston, USA; 2) University of California IRB, San Francisco, USA; 3) University of Washington IRB, Seattle, USA; 4) Vanderbilt University Medical Center IRB, Nashville, USA; 5) Christiana Care Health System IRB, Wilmington, USA; 6) Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania IRB, Philadelphia, USA; 7) Northwestern IRB, Chicago, USA; 8) Cantonal Ethics Committee for research, Bern, Switzerland; 9) Cantonal Ethics Committee for research on human being, Lausanne, Switzerland; 10) Cantonal Ethics Committee for research on human being, Geneva, Switzerland; 11) Sheba Medical Center Helsinki Committee, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.