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Article History

Received: 20 May 2019

Accepted: 19 December 2019

First Online: 6 January 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The National University of Singapore Institutional Review Board (NUS IRB) approved the secondary data analysis of WHO SAGE Wave 1. The WHO SAGE study received human subjects testing and ethics council approval from research review boards local to each participating site, and from the WHO Ethical Review Committee. Written informed consent was obtained by WHO SAGE from each respondent before interview and examination. The list of institutions involved in each country is listed below:<b>Ghana:</b> Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School; Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School.<b>China:</b> National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.<b>India:</b> International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.<b>Mexico:</b> National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.<b>Russian Federation:</b> National Research Institute of Public Health (FSBI, RAMS) Moscow, Russian Federation.<b>South Africa:</b> Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

: Not applicable.

: Lee JT is an editorial board member of BMC Public Health, but he had no role in the editorial process of this paper.