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Article History

Received: 8 January 2020

Accepted: 20 April 2020

First Online: 1 May 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Ethics approval was obtained by the Stanford Institutional Review Board (eProtocol #42334) and the need for consent was also waived by that IRB.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Landon currently serves as a clinical consultant to RTI, inc., related to ongoing updating and improvement of the Medicare HCC models and models used on the ACA exchanges. Dr. Basu receives salary from Collective Health, Inc., which uses risk adjustment models to risk stratify healthcare claims data to advise self-insured employers on care management strategies. Dr. Basu has also received consulting fees from KPMG for advising on risk models used to identify individuals susceptible to uncontrolled diabetes. None of these entities were involved in the formulation of the research design, its conduct, review of results, or decision to submit the research for publication. None of the other authors have any competing interests.