Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 December 2019

Accepted: 15 September 2020

First Online: 25 September 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Each participant was fully informed about the aim and procedure of this study in written prior to giving verbal consent to participate in this study. The verbal consent was then documented by the interviewer. Willingness for continued participation (to wave two and three) required written consent with an additional verbal consent (documented) at the beginning of the respective interview. This practice has proven to be useful is surveys and is commonly followed in social survey research in Germany, because a priori written consent is regarded to lead to uncontrollable response bias limiting the validity of the results. It is following the strict data protection requirements obligatory when using social register data (“Sozialdaten”) in Germany and of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The procedure, including verbal and written consenting, and all written documents sent and handed to the participants were approved by the state privacy advocate of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Data protection contracts dating from 07/2010 [8104.1–14], and 27/09/2017 [8102 .9–23]). Ethical approval for study design and performance, including verbal and written consenting, was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Wuppertal (dated from 05/12/2008 [Sch/Ei Hasselhorn] and 20/11/2017 [MS/BB 171025 Hasselhorn]).

: The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.