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Article History

Received: 13 September 2021

Accepted: 25 March 2022

First Online: 11 April 2022

Declarations

:

: The IFLS data are freely available on ExternalRef removed with the help of a survey from Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia (LD FEB UI, ExternalRef removed) for IFLS 1 and 2; and a private Indonesian research agency, Surveymeter (ExternalRef removed), for IFLS 3, 4, and 5.The IFLS surveys and their procedures have been reviewed and approved by IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) in the United States (at RAND) and in Indonesia at the University of Gadjah Mada for IFLS3, IFLS4, and IFLS5 and at the University of Indonesia for IFLS1 and IFLS2 (ExternalRef removed). The ethical clearance number is s0064-06-01-CR01 from RAND’s Human Subjects Protection Committee (RAND’s IRB) for IFLS5 (ExternalRef removed).All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants in the IFLS survey gave written informed consent that was obtained prior to data collection (ExternalRef removed).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.