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Article History

Received: 21 September 2021

Accepted: 10 June 2022

First Online: 13 July 2022

Declarations

:

: The KAIS 2007 and KAIS 2012 protocols were approved by the Scientific Steering Committee and the Ethical Review Committee at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) and the Committee on Human Research of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).The KENPHIA 2018 survey protocol was approved by the US CDC IRB, the Columbia University Medical Center IRB, and the Scientific and Ethical Review Unit (SERU) at the KEMRI (KEMRI/RES/7/3/1). It was reviewed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) human research protection procedures and was determined to be research, but CDC investigators did not interact with human subjects or had access to identifiable data or specimens. All adults, 18 years or older provided written informed consent, while for children younger than 18 years old, parental/guardian informed written consent and the minor’s assent were obtained before participants took part in the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable.

: The author(s) declare(s) that they have no competing interests.