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Article History

Received: 4 November 2021

Accepted: 5 October 2022

First Online: 27 October 2022

Declarations

:

: The primary source of data for this study was the New York State’s Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) from which agency necessary authorization was obtained. The SPARCS data are de-identified (anonymized). The other two data sets employed in this study – the CDC Wonder Bridged-Race Population Estimates and the American Community Survey (ACS) 2015–2019 (5-Year Estimates) – are publicly available and anonymized. Since the study is based on publicly available and de-identified data, the study is exempt from securing human subjects review from the author’s college institutional review board.

: Not applicable.

: The author declares that he has no competing interests.