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Article History

Received: 17 May 2022

Accepted: 13 February 2023

First Online: 20 February 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval and consent to participate for the entire project were obtained by US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and NORC at the University of Chicago; both organizations uphold provisions established under the Privacy Act of 1974, the NORC Institutional Review Board (IRB), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002. All methods were carried out in accordance with CMS data users’ guide: COVID-19 winter supplemental public use file (PUF), available at ExternalRef removed. All protocols for PUF are consistent with the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey protocols. Informed consent has been obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.