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Article History

Received: 30 November 2022

Accepted: 23 May 2023

First Online: 10 June 2023

Declarations

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: The study was approved by the Hanoi University of Public Health Institutional Review Board (021–393/DD -YTCC) and was determined to be exempt by the Institutional Review Board of Emory University (STUDY00003496) under 45 CFR 46.104(d)(2). All participants provided documented informed consent; a consent form was emailed to participants, who indicated their consent to participate by checking a box on the attached form, and returning the consent form to researchers. Research also staff obtained verbal consent to participate and to be recorded from all participants prior to initiating all interviews and focus group discussions.

: We have received consent from participants to include original, anonymized quotes from their interviews and focus group discussions.

: Kathryn Yount, PhD, is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Global Health (2012) and Professor of Global Health and Sociology (2015) at Emory University. Her research centers on the social determinants of women’s health, including mixed-methods evaluations of social-norms and empowerment-based programs to reduce gender-based violence and health disparities in underserved populations. She has been funded continuously since 2002 from U.S. federal agencies, private foundations, and foreign agencies to work in parts of Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and underserved communities in Atlanta. These collaborations have culminated in more than 250 publications in the social sciences and global health. She is recipient of the Women of Emory Award for Mentoring (2016), the Marion V. Creekmore Award for Internationalization (2022), and the Eleanor Main Graduate Mentor Award (2023).Katherine M. Anderson, MPH, is a Doctoral Student in the Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences at the Emory University Rollins School of Public. Ms. Anderson has significant experience engaging in research on HIV treatment and prevention, access to health care services, health care interactions, trauma-informed care, populations experiencing violence, and violence prevention, both domestically and internationally.Irina Bergenfeld, MPH, is a violence prevention researcher earning a PhD in Global Health and Development at Emory University, where she received the Woodruff and Paul J. Coverdell Fellowships. Her work focuses on gender-based violence and women's empowerment, including girls' education, child and forced marriage, sexual violence, and intimate partner violence. As a former Program Associate at Emory, she coordinated and supported research teams across the US, Jordan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, and Nepal. Her research focuses on the measurement of gender-based violence and its correlates.Quach Thu Trang, MA, has 22-years working experience in qualitative research and program management. Her prior experience in the field of gender-based violence includes formative studies and the local production of GlobalConsent – a web-based training program on sexual violence prevention for male university students (Emory University/CCIHP, 2017–2021); a gender-based violence integrated manual development and training delivery for rehabilitation health staff (USAID/CCIHP/I-Thrive 2019–2021); Southeast Asia Regional Curriculum Development Team member on masculinities and gender-based violence (UNDP/P4P/2010 – 2012); and Development Group Member for WHO Guideline on Sexual and Reproductive health and Rights of women living with HIV (WHO Geneva, 2016).

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.