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Article History

Received: 22 March 2023

Accepted: 9 September 2023

First Online: 21 September 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was waived since we used secondary data. As for the primary data of RISKESDAS 2013 and 2018, Komisi Etik Penelitian Kesehatan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Ethical Committee of Health Research, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia) had given their approval with the reference number LB.02.01/5.2/KE.006/2013 and LB.02.01/2/KE.267/2017. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki). Additional ethical review board approval was obtained from the Komisi Etik Riset dan Pengabdian Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia (The Research and Community Engagement Ethical Committee, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia) with reference number 551/UN2.F10.D11/PPM.00.02/2022. All respondents aged 15 years old above had given their written informed consent prior to participating in the Basic Health Research 2013 and 2018. For participants aged less than 15 years old, their respective parents or legal guardians had also given their written informed consent and participant’s willingness to participate. Respondent’s willing to participate and written informed consent was reassured before on-site laboratory test and blood sample collection.

: Not applicable.

: Authors would like to declare that there is no competing interest in writing this manuscript.