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Article History

Received: 15 March 2023

Accepted: 9 January 2024

First Online: 5 March 2024

Declarations

:

: The data analysed in this analysis was sourced through a commercial social listening platform MeltWater which samples publicly available content from social media and online forum. Ethics review committee or data protection officer approval was not sought because the project involved no interaction or intervention with the individual about whom data are being collected (e.g., this involved using MeltWater platform in sampling of data from public Twitter feeds; public Facebook profiles or wall postings; information from public forums, open chat rooms, etc.). However, when analysing and reporting on the narratives, the analysis team considered guidance on Internet and social listening research [29, 44] including users’ expectations and intentions, and the possible harm to users stemming from reporting on sensitive topics, and vulnerable groups. Therefore, quotations used to illustrate identified narratives were paraphrased to protect against retrievability of specific posts.

: Not applicable.

: BW, AI, TDP, TN, SB, KR, RT, MD, RO, RSS and CS are consultants or staff members of the World Health Organization. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the World Health Organization. LL, AW, TF are employed by a media monitoring company that provides a wide range of services to clients in media monitoring and listening, including the WHO. The work described in this paper was part of their contractual service to the WHO.