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Article History

Received: 3 August 2023

Accepted: 23 January 2024

First Online: 30 January 2024

Declarations

:

: The study followed the APA ethical principles and the Declaration of Helsinki. The present study was approved by Commission of Ethics in Animal and Human Experimentation (CEEAH) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (ref. number CEEAH 3850). Likewise, this study complied with the Patient Autonomy Law of Spain (Law 41/2002, November 14) where minors are also considered autonomous to make decisions from the age of 16 years and related to the participation in this study, they did not need parental permission for it. All participants involved in this study gave their written informed consent to participate in it.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests except M.D.G.M.D.G. has received research funding from <i>Norsk Tipping</i> (the gambling operator owned by the Norwegian government). M.D.G. has received funding for a number of research projects in the area of gambling education for young people, social responsibility in gambling and gambling treatment from <i>GambleAware</i> (formerly the <i>Responsibility in Gambling Trust</i>), a charitable body which funds its research program based on donations from the gambling industry. M.D.G. undertakes consultancy for various gambling companies in the area of player protection and social responsibility in gambling.