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Article History

Received: 4 September 2023

Accepted: 31 May 2024

First Online: 5 June 2024

Declarations

:

: The views and contents of this article are the responsibility of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of Social & Scientific Systems Inc., the DLH Holdings Company, the United States Agency for International Development, and/or the United States Government.

: The study involved a secondary analysis of the LQAS survey data, which is publicly available upon reasonable request at the participating districts or projects without any usage restrictions. Due to this data’s availability, ethical review consideration or informed consent was not required for the study. However, the study obtained permission from the United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity to use the survey datasets. The LQAS surveys may contain some confidential variables, but for the analysis, the study used an anonymized dataset that did not require any such variables. For more information on the LQAS study’s procedures, one can refer to the LQAS reports [–]. To ensure adherence to appropriate reporting guidelines, the study results were reported following acceptable standards and guidelines for observational studies in epidemiology [].

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.