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Article History

Received: 12 March 2024

Accepted: 5 July 2024

First Online: 15 July 2024

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at School of Public Health, Lanzhou University has waived the ethics approval and the informed consent for the study. The study adhered to the guidelines and regulations outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This exemption is due to the fact that the data used in the study was provided by government agencies and consented for use in this research. The data did not involve any direct or indirect identification of hospital patients’ personal information. And the waiver of informed consent has been reviewed and approved by the research ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.