Li, Xiaoling
Li, Hailei
Luo, Jiaming
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Provincial Social Science Planning Foundation (18CJYJ20)
Article History
Received: 27 February 2024
Accepted: 20 August 2024
First Online: 22 August 2024
Declarations
:
: The studies involving humans were approved by Institutional Review Board of School of Psychology, SDNU (IRB number: SDNU2022036). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin because in conducting the questionnaire-based research with college student participants, written informed consent was deemed not required due to the minimal risk nature of the study and the non-sensitive content of the questions. Participants were provided with detailed information about the study, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and the confidentiality measures in place to protect their privacy. This information was presented to participants prior to the commencement of the questionnaire, ensuring they were fully informed about the study. Furthermore, it was explicitly stated that participation was completely voluntary and that participants could withdraw at any time without consequence. In light of these considerations, and in compliance with institutional ethical guidelines, verbal informed consent was deemed adequate, as it sufficiently protected student participants’ autonomy while allowing for the efficient administration of the survey. This approach is consistent with prevailing ethical standards for low-risk educational research and was approved by our Institutional Review Board (IRB).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.