Updates are available Correction dated 2026-02-05

Article History

Received: 14 October 2024

Accepted: 16 December 2024

First Online: 24 December 2024

Change Date: 11 July 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: This article has been updated to amend the license information.

Change Date: 5 February 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25949-2

Declarations

:

: The data in this study were gathered in telephone surveys commissioned by the German Federal Centre for Health Education (Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, BZgA), a specialist authority within the portfolio of the German Federal Ministry of Health. The surveys were administered by the Forsa Institute for Social Research and Statistical Analysis [ , – ] on behalf of the BZgA. Data sets from 2012 to 2014 are publicly available online at the Data Archive for the Social Sciences of the GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences [ , ], and those for 2017 and 2019 were provided by the BZgA upon our request (Dr. Andrea Rückle, personal communication, August 23, 2023). Participation in the surveys was voluntary and ensured anonymity. Respondents were informed that they were taking part in a scientific study and were able to refuse or withdraw their participation at any time, thus obtaining their consent. All data records are available in anonymized form. Deemed unnecessary according to national regulations for telephone surveys by the BZgA, the need for ethics approval was waived for all surveys by the German Federal Ministry of Health as its institutional review board. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.