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Article History

Received: 9 October 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2024

First Online: 3 January 2025

Change Date: 6 July 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Following the article's publication, Open Access funding notes was added.

Declarations

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: This study was approved by the Makerere SPH Research and Ethics Committee (Ref. nr: SPH-2021–174), Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (Ref. nr: HS1885ES), and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Ref. nr: 2021–05539-01). Permission was also granted by the hospital where the study took place. Women who were in late labour when asked to participate received a brief explanation of the study and data collection, as we did not want to disturb their birthing process. After birth, they were provided with more detailed information about the study. All individuals who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form.To ensure women felt comfortable declining participation if they did not want to be observed during birth, research assistants made it clear that they were conducting research independently and were not hospital staff, assuring them that opting out would not impact their care. Furthermore, the research assistants, who were also junior midwives, were instructed to minimise disruptions and blend seamlessly into the busy ward environment with other staff, students, interns, cleaners and birth companions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.