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Article History

Received: 9 September 2023

Accepted: 31 December 2024

First Online: 16 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Data in this study was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) which is publicly available and has already removed all identifying information to protect the privacy of individual patients, physicians, and hospitals. All data in this study can be freely downloaded from MEPS website: this study is exempt from the IRB review.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.