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The independent and interactive effects of heavy metal pollution and vitamin D deficiency on early kidney injury indicators: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21796-3

Published Online: 2025-02-21

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Jing, Shuhui

Ge, Yuan

Pan, Juan

Chang, Pei

Qiao, Xi
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

the Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China ([2020-186])

Shanxi Provincial Health Commission Scientific Research Project ([Grant no. 2024077])
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-02-21

Version of Record valid from 2025-02-21
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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 5 February 2025

First Online: 21 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The National Center National Center approved the protocols for NHANES for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Institutional Review Board.

: The authors affirmed that human research participants provided informed consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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