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Article History

Received: 21 September 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2025

First Online: 7 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City (Number: 261/HDDD DHYD granted on 03/03/2023). Written consent forms were obtained from all students and their parents or guardians before participating in the study. Participants were fully informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Permissions for non-commercial use of all questionnaires in the study were granted by the corresponding author of those questionnaires under non-disclosure agreements. All procedures followed the National guidelines for ethics in biomedical research and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.