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Authors
He, Feiying https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-0279
Xu, Xiangchun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1513-9811
Yu, Hongwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4269-5651
Miao, Ziyang https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1044-1557
Fu, Zhaolin https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3793-9971
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the 13th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province for Philosophy and Social Sciences (GD20XGL42)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72104098)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515010902)
Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou (2025A04J 4169)
Open Fund of Key Research Base of Philosophy and Social Science of Higher Education in Guangdong Province-Local Government Development Research Institute of Shantou University (07423002-07)
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2024
Accepted: 13 March 2025
First Online: 26 March 2025
Declarations
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: The NHANES was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board.The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Ethics Review Board (ERB) ensures that research involving human participants protects the rights and welfare of study participants and conforms to U.S. federal regulations.The NCHS ERB, and the formal review bodies that preceded it, have approved each NHANES study protocol since the survey began running continuously in 1999. Before that, different procedures ensured the protection of human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
