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Article History

Received: 8 December 2024

Accepted: 15 April 2025

First Online: 23 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The ethical aspects of this study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (approval No.: UTMREC- 2024–93), the institution to which the researchers are affiliated. The study adhered rigorously to ethical values governing human research, aligning with the fundamental principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. These principles include obtaining informed consent, protecting personal data, ensuring confidentiality, and adhering to relevant educational management regulations. In this study, all participants provided informed consent after receiving a comprehensive explanation of the research protocol. This robust ethical framework ensured the integrity of the study while safeguarding the rights of the participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.