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Authors
Guan, Hongyu
Xue, Jing
Zhang, Yunyun
Chang, Fang
Liu, Wenting
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sany Foundation
Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B16031, B16031)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72373085)
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Article History
Received: 14 September 2023
Accepted: 21 April 2025
First Online: 1 May 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data used in this study were drawn from a randomized controlled trial that was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Sun Yat-sen University (Approval Number: 2013MEKY018) and Stanford University (Approval Number: 24847). The current study is a secondary analysis based on de-identified data from the original trial. No new data were collected and no additional interventions were introduced. The re-analysis was conducted with the full awareness and agreement of the original research team. Since the dataset was fully de-identified and did not involve any new risks to participants, no additional ethical approval or permission was required for this secondary analysis. Oral informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of the original study, and all data used in this analysis were anonymized prior to use.
